Unit 1: Will the EU tradable permit scheme work?

Not if Countries refuse to participate as in the case of China, according to the BBC

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-16901106

and a wider summary of the issue from tutor2u

http://www.tutor2u.net/blog/index.php/economics/comments/china-bans-its-airlines-from-paying-eu-carbon-tax

a) What actions could the EU take to ensure that all airlines participate in the scheme, and how likely are they to take such actions?